Black Broad Shoulders

Theaster Gates, Neon “Afro” detail from AESOP (An Extended Song of Our People), 2019. Installed in the Chicago Transit Authority 95th Street Red Line Station, Chicago, IL.

In 2019 Gates installed AESOP (An Extended Song of Our People) (2019), a DJ booth installed in a commuter hub on the Chicago Transit Authority’s (CTA) Red Line rapid transit route. … Situated at street level and just outside of one of the station’s turnstiles, AESOP’s glass doors and window façade offer commuters an unobstructed view of the DJ’s turntables, mixers/controllers, and vinyl/CD library. On prominent display in the darkened booth is Gates’s large neon work Afro (2018), synchronized to illuminate a silhouetted head’s halo-like Afro as if repeatedly growing outward. Gates, who was once employed by the CTA, said the 95th Street Station’s commuters and Roseland’s Black inhabitants… “deserved to be surrounded by art and music, and shouldn’t have to travel far or leave the city to experience art and culture.” He continued, “It’s easily one of the most important artworks that I’ve made…”

“Black Broad Shoulders,” in Galina Mardilovich and Vanja Malloy, eds., Theaster Gates: Unto Thee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2025), 28-40.

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A Chocolate City Reconsidered

Simon Gouverneur, Flamma, 1989. Tempera on canvas. 42 x 42 inches. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Corcoran Collection (Gift of the artist), 2015.19.196. © 2017, Estate of Simon Gouverneur.

Death knells for the “Chocolate City” have proliferated in the aftermath of D.C.’s announced population shift and, yet, like countless other historical African American requiems… blackness rarely disappears in toto.  Rather, it miraculously “hangs on,” seeps into the cultural mainstream, and perseveres; albeit, in a new, modified form or fashion.  And the concept itself is an acknowledgement… of a lifestyle and cultural locus akin to tasting “an unquantifiable richness.”  This particular metaphor… reminds us of the more sensuous elements in the District of Columbia’s art portfolio, but in almost every instance it is a fleeting, evanescent sweetness couched in the occasionally boring and often bitter flavors of everyday truths, delivering a euphoria and, then, an aftertaste that speaks to the particular historical circumscriptions which have long defined this place and its striving and continually self-searching black community.

“A Chocolate City Reconsidered,” in Beauty Born of Struggle: The Art of Black Washington, ed., Jeffrey C. Stewart (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023), 300-345.

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The Boys in the Back Room: Gambling Imagery during the Harlem Renaissance

Aaron Douglas, The Prodigal Son, ca. 1927. Illustration from James Weldon Johnson’s God’s Trombones (1927). Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven.

These disparate concepts in gambling imagery – the game’s fatal and perilous consequences… and its sociological and melodramatic roles in African American life…  made manifest the theme’s cultural breadth within modern Black life and its philosophical implications. Although viewed as ungodly by religious orthodoxies and considered improvident across a spectrum of society, gambling’s popularity among the masses as well as the upper classes pointed to its universal and prosaic position in many people’s minds, as well as its utility for imparting valuable life lessons and ethical exemplars, in these instances directed toward African American men, and in the competitive frameworks of chance, probability, and potential financial jeopardy.

“The Boys in the Back Room: Gambling Imagery during the Harlem Renaissance,” in Denise Murrell, ed., The Harlem Renaissance and Transatlantic Modernism (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2024), 38-53.

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Three Jacksonian-era Portraits of Black Men

Attributed to William Matthew Prior, William Whipper, c. 1835. Oil on canvas, 24 ¾ x 20 inches. Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, New York, gift of Stephen C. Clark, N0246.1961.

…William Matthew Prior’s rendering of the Philadelphia businessman William Whipper is less one-dimensional and as psychologically layered as Forten’s, Hanson’s, and Howland’s portraits. Along with tastefully dressing in a gentleman’s proper attire, Whipper wears a Masonic gold chain and key on his waistcoat, gold rings on both hands, and a squarish black pin on his shirtfront. Holding a bound copy of one of his self-published pamphlets concerning temperance or the abolition of slavery… Whipper has neither the ostentatiousness of the two vernacular portraits nor the élan of Hanson’s and Howland’s portrayals. Instead, Prior fused sartorial chic with sobriety and a sympathetic activism… Whipper’s wardrobe signals his possession of an aesthetic yet apropos sense of self that, along with his professional duties and mission as a “moral reformer,” communicates a conspicuous social position…, especially in the face of the racial discrimination and outright hostility toward that beleaguered community.

“Three Jacksonian-era Portraits of Black Men,” in Monica L. Miller, ed., Superfine: Tailoring Black Style (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2025), 156-159.

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Pigments and Personas

Beverly McIver, Black Self, 1996. Oil on canvas, collage, 17 ¼ x 17 ¼ inches. Collection of Godfrey Herndon, Durham.

The strength of pigment – whether experienced in an oil painting, or on one’s face – becomes commensurately forceful when, as in the case of Beverly McIver’s paintings, the instrument is the statement, underscoring how these works straddle the worlds of self-portraiture, action painting, and ritual masquerade. But it is especially in the last category – a cosmetic-fashioned protocol imposing an alternative personality or a larger-than-expected social role on the art subject – that McIver’s paintings complicate the conventional perceptions of the art medium.

“Pigments and Personas,” in Beverly McIver: Full Circle, ed., Kim Boganey, Berkeley: University of California, 2022, 24-33.

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Audacity and Awesomeness

Barkley L. Hendricks, FTA, 1968. Oil on linen canvas, 30 x 32 inches. Collection of Charlotte and Gordon Moore.

The color brown’s critical role in Barkley L. Hendricks’s portraiture – again, not just as an indication of the African ancestry of his figures and its melanin trait, but as a subconscious jolt and tactical foil to black, white, and the conventional color palette’s grip on modern painters – comes under further scrutiny when the groundbreaking Miss T is viewed alongside another important study in opposition: John Singer Sargent’s Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau). For Sargent, Madame Gautreau’s perfunctory, raw umber background visually anchored, or rather, obliged her stark, white/black figure, whereas Robin Tyler’s brown face, neck, and collarbone, comprising a fraction of the overall composition, pulsated with life and variability and rendered the surrounding areas relatively inert.

“Audacity and Awesomeness,” in Zoé Whitley, ed., Barkley L. Hendricks: Solid! (Milan: Skira editone, 2023), 16-34.

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Hurston’s Law, or a Philosophy of Display

Anonymous, Portrait of Mother Catherine Seals, n.d. (c. 1929). Digital photograph. Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans.

Some African Americans… pasted newspaper on the walls of their homes because it was thought that malevolent spirits would have to count every letter on the newsprint before they could direct harm towards the home’s inhabitants. This extra-sensory dimension that newspapers were believed to represent and, relatedly, that the inhabitants within these spaces radiated, is alluded to in not just Eldzier Cortor’s oil on canvases, but in contemporary works which, while primarily painted and conceived with a collage disposition, conjured communiqués not just about deterioration and poverty, but about modern life and its illusions, and about subliminal, underlying missives of African American dread and doubt.

“Hurston’s Law, or a Philosophy of Display,” in Kathryn E. Delmez, ed., Multiplicity: Blackness in Contemporary Collage (Nashville, TN: Frist Art Museum, 2023), 30-43.

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Hughie Lee-Smith: Breaking the Fourth Wall

Hughie Lee-Smith, Artist’s Life No. 1, 1939. Lithograph, 12 15/16 x 10 1/16 inches (32.9 x 25.5 cm).

The landscapes that Lee-Smith created between 1939 and 1943 give the initial impressions of mountainous vistas and abandoned residential or industrial tracts, but upon closer scrutiny, their fantastical properties take precedence over any perceived realities. For example, his lithograph Desolation… consciously manipulates the land’s geological features to create a rolling and restless terrain. Hovering scavenger birds and the vestiges of civilization that appear within these animated settings—among the remnants are dead trees, building rubble, fractured pipelines, and structures in various stages of ruin—all conspire with the topography to evoke a wasteland, or rather a symbolic, eviscerated life force.

“Hughie Lee-Smith: Breaking the Fourth Wall,” in Karamu Artists Inc.: Printmaking, Race, and Community (Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025), 56-72.

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The Art of Raymond Saunders: Colored

Raymond Saunders, Jack Johnson Series #2, 1977. Graphite & crayon on paper in artist’s frame with mixed media, 11 x 9 1/8 x 1 ½ inches (27.9 x 23.2 x 3.8 cm). © 2026 Estate of Raymond Saunders and David Zwirner.

Raymond Saunders… has always revered the sometimes beautiful/always honest aspects of street art, doodles, scrawls, and other fringe drawing reflexes. Cy Twombly, Raymond Saunders’s half-brother in creating painted homages to visual automatism, shares Saunders’s early appreciation for the gesture in art, and joins him in providing viewers with an American spin on European tachisme…The difference, of course, is that Saunders’s marks grow out of visions unique to him and him alone. Saunders’s scratches have evolved over years of “remembering to remember” discarded passports, sidewalk sketches, children’s blackboards, artist’s plans, etc… Saunders, somewhat like jazz great Miles Davis, takes these marginal notes, lines, and/or phrases from the world-at-large, and reconstitutes them into nothing short of major artistic statements.

The Art of Raymond Saunders: Colored” (re-published with edits from the Sept./Oct. 1993 issue of New Observations 97), in Raymond Saunders: Post No Bills (New York: David Zwirner Books/Andrew Kreps Gallery, 2025) 162-173.

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The NCA😐 Code

Nina Chanel Abney, #21, 2018. Acrylic and spray paint on canvas, 40 x 29 inches (101.6 x 73.7 cm.).

Not entirely renegade, and yet not beholden to painting’s a priori status in art history, Nina Chanel Abney interjected into the medium a new pictorial program, governed by her cerebrations, ideological positions, and inclinations toward digitally informed encryptions. Her designs and painting strategies collectively gestured towards a personal protocol: a code that responded to the exigencies of the twenty-first century, and that saw visuality as adept at grappling with ethical conundrums, while not abandoning art’s allure and mythos.

“The NCA😐 Code,” in Nina Chanel Abney (New York: The Monacelli Press, 2025), 10–17.

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