Black Broad Shoulders

Theaster Gates, Neon “Afro” detail from AESOP (An Extended Song of Our People), 2019. Installed in the Chicago Transit Authority 95th Street Red Line Station, Chicago, IL.

In 2019 Gates installed AESOP (An Extended Song of Our People) (2019), a DJ booth installed in a commuter hub on the Chicago Transit Authority’s (CTA) Red Line rapid transit route. … Situated at street level and just outside of one of the station’s turnstiles, AESOP’s glass doors and window façade offer commuters an unobstructed view of the DJ’s turntables, mixers/controllers, and vinyl/CD library. On prominent display in the darkened booth is Gates’s large neon work Afro (2018), synchronized to illuminate a silhouetted head’s halo-like Afro as if repeatedly growing outward. Gates, who was once employed by the CTA, said the 95th Street Station’s commuters and Roseland’s Black inhabitants… “deserved to be surrounded by art and music, and shouldn’t have to travel far or leave the city to experience art and culture.” He continued, “It’s easily one of the most important artworks that I’ve made…”

“Black Broad Shoulders,” in Galina Mardilovich and Vanja Malloy, eds., Theaster Gates: Unto Thee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2025), 28-40.

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A Chocolate City Reconsidered

Simon Gouverneur, Flamma, 1989. Tempera on canvas. 42 x 42 inches. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Corcoran Collection (Gift of the artist), 2015.19.196. © 2017, Estate of Simon Gouverneur.

Death knells for the “Chocolate City” have proliferated in the aftermath of D.C.’s announced population shift and, yet, like countless other historical African American requiems… blackness rarely disappears in toto.  Rather, it miraculously “hangs on,” seeps into the cultural mainstream, and perseveres; albeit, in a new, modified form or fashion.  And the concept itself is an acknowledgement… of a lifestyle and cultural locus akin to tasting “an unquantifiable richness.”  This particular metaphor… reminds us of the more sensuous elements in the District of Columbia’s art portfolio, but in almost every instance it is a fleeting, evanescent sweetness couched in the occasionally boring and often bitter flavors of everyday truths, delivering a euphoria and, then, an aftertaste that speaks to the particular historical circumscriptions which have long defined this place and its striving and continually self-searching black community.

“A Chocolate City Reconsidered,” in Beauty Born of Struggle: The Art of Black Washington, ed., Jeffrey C. Stewart (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023), 300-345.

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Pigments and Personas

Beverly McIver, Black Self, 1996. Oil on canvas, collage, 17 ¼ x 17 ¼ inches. Collection of Godfrey Herndon, Durham.

The strength of pigment – whether experienced in an oil painting, or on one’s face – becomes commensurately forceful when, as in the case of Beverly McIver’s paintings, the instrument is the statement, underscoring how these works straddle the worlds of self-portraiture, action painting, and ritual masquerade. But it is especially in the last category – a cosmetic-fashioned protocol imposing an alternative personality or a larger-than-expected social role on the art subject – that McIver’s paintings complicate the conventional perceptions of the art medium.

“Pigments and Personas,” in Beverly McIver: Full Circle, ed., Kim Boganey, Berkeley: University of California, 2022, 24-33.

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Audacity and Awesomeness

Barkley L. Hendricks, FTA, 1968. Oil on linen canvas, 30 x 32 inches. Collection of Charlotte and Gordon Moore.

The color brown’s critical role in Barkley L. Hendricks’s portraiture – again, not just as an indication of the African ancestry of his figures and its melanin trait, but as a subconscious jolt and tactical foil to black, white, and the conventional color palette’s grip on modern painters – comes under further scrutiny when the groundbreaking Miss T is viewed alongside another important study in opposition: John Singer Sargent’s Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau). For Sargent, Madame Gautreau’s perfunctory, raw umber background visually anchored, or rather, obliged her stark, white/black figure, whereas Robin Tyler’s brown face, neck, and collarbone, comprising a fraction of the overall composition, pulsated with life and variability and rendered the surrounding areas relatively inert.

“Audacity and Awesomeness,” in Zoé Whitley, ed., Barkley L. Hendricks: Solid! (Milan: Skira editone, 2023), 16-34.

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The Art of Raymond Saunders: Colored

Raymond Saunders, Jack Johnson Series #2, 1977. Graphite & crayon on paper in artist’s frame with mixed media, 11 x 9 1/8 x 1 ½ inches (27.9 x 23.2 x 3.8 cm). © 2026 Estate of Raymond Saunders and David Zwirner.

Raymond Saunders… has always revered the sometimes beautiful/always honest aspects of street art, doodles, scrawls, and other fringe drawing reflexes. Cy Twombly, Raymond Saunders’s half-brother in creating painted homages to visual automatism, shares Saunders’s early appreciation for the gesture in art, and joins him in providing viewers with an American spin on European tachisme…The difference, of course, is that Saunders’s marks grow out of visions unique to him and him alone. Saunders’s scratches have evolved over years of “remembering to remember” discarded passports, sidewalk sketches, children’s blackboards, artist’s plans, etc… Saunders, somewhat like jazz great Miles Davis, takes these marginal notes, lines, and/or phrases from the world-at-large, and reconstitutes them into nothing short of major artistic statements.

The Art of Raymond Saunders: Colored” (re-published with edits from the Sept./Oct. 1993 issue of New Observations 97), in Raymond Saunders: Post No Bills (New York: David Zwirner Books/Andrew Kreps Gallery, 2025) 162-173.

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The NCA😐 Code

Nina Chanel Abney, #21, 2018. Acrylic and spray paint on canvas, 40 x 29 inches (101.6 x 73.7 cm.).

Not entirely renegade, and yet not beholden to painting’s a priori status in art history, Nina Chanel Abney interjected into the medium a new pictorial program, governed by her cerebrations, ideological positions, and inclinations toward digitally informed encryptions. Her designs and painting strategies collectively gestured towards a personal protocol: a code that responded to the exigencies of the twenty-first century, and that saw visuality as adept at grappling with ethical conundrums, while not abandoning art’s allure and mythos.

“The NCA😐 Code,” in Nina Chanel Abney (New York: The Monacelli Press, 2025), 10–17.

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Richard J. Powell, Interviewed by Aaron Bryant, 13 and 30 April 2022

J. Caldwell, Photograph of Richard J. Powell, 2021.

“I remember going to a party at Jeff’s house where I met Jean Pace, whom I had seen in Chicago as a high school student. I also met Nina Simone at Jeff’s house. Just being in the room with these larger-than-life figures was extraordinary. Another person I remember meeting during this period was Toni Cade Bambara, who came to that 1976 Black Writers conference at Howard, and ended up being somebody with whom I was in regular communication through the late 1970s and early 1980s. Howard University and Washington, DC, were meccas for Black culture. Jeff was very instrumental in bringing all these interesting people together. Washington, DC, was the Black diaspora personified, even in a bigger way than Atlanta. I was meeting people from Africa, the Caribbean, and from all over the Black world.”

“Richard J. Powell, Interviewed by Aaron Bryant, 13 and 30 April 2022,” in Kellie Jones and Tumelo Moseka, eds., Black Curators Matter: Conversations on Art and Change (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2026), 56-81.

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The Obama Portraits, in Art History and Beyond

Zuber et Cie, detail of “Military Review at West Point,” from “Vues d’Amérique du Nord,” France, 1834. Wallpaper. The White House, Washington, DC.

When the public sees these portraits and takes into account the aesthetic sensibilities and embodied sentience of the President and First Lady, one soon realizes that Kehinde Wiley and Amy Sherald have, in effect, chronicled a cultural shift, a perceptual about face not considerably different than, say, the geographically and culturally diverse scenes of America that appear on the antebellum era French wallpaper in the White House’s frequently photographed Diplomatic Reception Room. Images of the President and First Lady posing alongside the Zuber et Cie wallpaper’s assorted images of elegantly dressed black Americans, circa 1834, indicate the Obamas’ cognizance of their own emblematic roles almost a century beyond these White House decorations.

“The Obama Portraits, in Art History and Beyond,” in The Obama Portraits, with Taína Caragol, Dorothy Moss, and Kim Sajet (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), 50-78.

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Raymond Saunders

Raymond Saunders, Light Up, 1970. Crayon, pencil, and cut-and-pasted paper on paper, 8 3/4 x 6 1/4" (22.4 x 15.9 cm). Museum of Modern Art, New York, acquired with matching funds from Mr. and Mrs. Bernard J. Reis and the National Endowment for the Arts, 105.1971.
Raymond Saunders, Light Up, 1970. Crayon, pencil, and cut-and-pasted paper on paper, 8 3/4 x 6 1/4″ (22.4 x 15.9 cm). Museum of Modern Art, New York, acquired with matching funds from Mr. and Mrs. Bernard J. Reis and the National Endowment for the Arts, 105.1971.

Raymond Saunders’s drawings, especially those from the 1970s, are highly accomplished, tour de force graphic expressions in the tradition of Cy Twombly, Jim Dine, and other linearly oriented artists of the mid-to-late twentieth century. Often combining delicate pencil traceries, handcrafted patterns, calculated scribbles, insets of prismatic colors adjacent to intermittent blank areas, cut-and-pasted papers, and stenciled and stamped symbols and numerals, these drawings revel in a free-form impulsiveness unencumbered by modern art conventions or expectations. What distinguishes this Bay area artist’s methodology and production from those of other expressionist painters is a purposeful yet almost cursory approach to design and color in tandem with an instinctive, improvisatory tendency and a playful attitude toward the drafted, sketched, and portrayed. The result is an almost guileless art whose subjects—anecdotal, popular, and autobiographical—fuel Saunders’s distinctive, wholly original approach to post-Pop art-making. Works such as Light Up reconcile masterful yet psychologically unfurled drawing with astute color applications veering toward the neon and radiant, an aesthetic squaring-off in which Saunders’s promulgation of mark-making in crayon and pencil vociferously challenges the minor status of drawing in art world hierarchies.

“Raymond Saunders” and “Hervé Télémaque,” in Among Others: Blackness at MoMA, eds., Darby English and Charlotte Barat (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2019), 304-305, 418-419.

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Preface

Nina Chanel Abney, Untitled (Yo 123), 2015. Acrylic on canvas, 56 x 56 inches. (Photo courtesy of Nina Chanel Abney)
Nina Chanel Abney, Untitled (Yo 123), 2015. Acrylic on canvas, 56 x 56 inches. (Photo courtesy of Nina Chanel Abney)

In contrast to poet and playwright Amiri Baraka’s tongue-in-cheek, ceremonial appeal in his 1966 poem “SOS” (“Calling all black people 
Calling all black people, man woman child
 Wherever you are…”), Nina Chanel Abney puts not just some, but all of us on notice.  Cutout, hard-edged pictorial elements transmit short, concise messages, tightly packed within the canvas’s rectangular domain and placed cheek-to-jowl alongside a succession of parallel communications, phrasings, and glyph-like codes.  An expansive but unmodulated palette, on the order of Goethe’s color wheel equitably distributed across recognizable shapes and uniform fields, disallows the luxury of a driver’s-test-styled-grasp of regulatory signs and warnings.  Yes, there’s a profile of a head there and, in other places, articulated and akimbo patterns suggesting human anatomy, but neither do these physical features nor their ocular stares really tell us anything that carries an assumed storyline’s descriptive arch and its moral resolution.  Abney’s notice is a brash and amplified shout-out about the limitations of language, the constraints of pigment and painting, and the borderlines of comprehension, especially in this moment of limitless visibility by way of the Internet.  When juxtaposed with Abney’s painted universe, the ancient Tower of Babel doesn’t even approach the linguistic boundaries, heteroglossia, and aural interferences of human discourse we experience in the twenty-first-century.

“Preface,” in Nina Chanel Abney: Royal Flush, ed. Marshall N. Price (Durham: Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, 2017).

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